![]() ![]() There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the tibial arch angle and two measures of asymptomatic flat-footedness, the talar declination angle (A), and the talocalcaneal angle (B). Modern humans with a Lucy-like posteriorly directed set to the distal tibia (white bars mean ± sd) have significantly lower talar declination (A) and talocalcaneal angles (B) than modern humans with an anteriorly directed set to the ankle joint (black bars mean ± sd).Ĭorrelation between tibial arch angle and measures of flat foot in humans. ![]() Relationship between tibial arch angle and rearfoot arching in humans. Outliers defined as 1.5 times the interquartile range are shown as circles. The median (black bar), interquartile range (box) and overall ranges (whiskers) are illustrated. Humans are quite variable for this measure, and fossil hominins occupy the lower end of the modern human spectrum, though this distribution can be sampled from a modern human population. Instead, it is argued in this study that the tibial arch angle is related to rearfoot arching. These comparative data do not support the hypothesis that this angle is related to arboreality or hindlimb suspensory abilities. Mountain gorillas, lowland gorillas, and chimpanzees have statistically indistinguishable tibial arch angles, and orangutans have the least posteriorly directed angle of the great apes. The tibial arch angle differentiates humans and non-human primates. Variation in tibial arch angle in extant apes and fossil hominins. An arched foot exhibiting an anteriorly directed tibial set. A flat foot exhibiting a posteriorly directed tibial set. The tibial arch angle is formed between this white line and the dotted white line intersecting the anterior rim (negative in chimpanzee positive in humans).ġ. In this image, the thin white line has been drawn through the inferomost projection of the posterior rim of both tibiae and is perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia. In humans (right), the posterior rim is more inferiorly projecting, creating an anteriorly directed set to the ankle. In non-human primates (left, chimpanzee), the anterior rim of the tibia (to the left in the figures) is more inferiorly projecting than the posterior rim, creating a posteriorly directed set to the ankle. Humans and non-human primates have distinct tilts to the distal tibia in the sagittal plane. Nippon, 75: 120–146.Tibial arch angle in chimpanzee and human. A study on the movement pattern of four limbs in walking (1). Comparative aspects of primate locomotion, with special reference to arboreal Cercopithecines. Postural Development of Infant Chimpanzees. eds.) Environment, Behavior, and Morphology: Dynamic Interations in Primates. Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in human walking. Kinesiology of quadrupedal locomotion in infant chimpanzees. et al., eds) Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalism. Bipedal and quadrupedal walking of primates: comparative dynamics. On the movement order of four limbs while walking and the body weight distribution to fore and hind limbs with standing on all fours in monkeys. Analysis of the symmetrical gaits of tetrapods. Growth and development of the chimpanzee: a longitudinal and comparative study. External force of foot in infant walking. The human acquisition of bipedal walking is discussed in connection with chimpanzee locomotion.Įndo B. The wide variety of the locomotion pattern will be one of the characteristics of the chimpanzees of all age groups. The dominance of the hindlimbs in locomotor and weight-bearing characteristics becomes clearly fixed at about one year of age. The particular characteristics of the infant chimpanzees compared with those of the adults were: 1) long stance phase duration, 2) wide variety in the difference in the cycle duration between forward movement of the limbs one after another, 3) wide variety in phase duration, speed and foot force, and 4) the forelimbs of the infant just started to stand quadrupedally to carry the larger part of the body weight than the hindlimbs. The age change in locomotion is described. The infants moved freely without any attachments on the body. The speed or the pattern of locomotion was not particularly controlled. The posture, footfall order, phase duration, speed and foot force (including the hand force) in level locomotion were observed by means of foot contact switches, a 16 mm cine-camera or a video tape recorder and a force plate. The data were obtained semi-longitudinally from six chimpanzees eleven weeks through nineteen years of age. The objective of this study was to investigate kinesiologically the development of the unique characteristics of the level locomotion of the chimpanzee.
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